Weblink 5.7 The sp³-type HAOs appropriate for oxygen in H₂O

These four HAOs have been constructed so that they are appropriate for a localised description of the bonding in water. These hybrids are very similar to the usual sp³ hybrids, except that the s character of HAO1 and HAO2 has been decreased so that the angle between them is 104.5°; they therefore point directly at the hydrogens. The s character of the other two HAOs consequently has to be increased, so that the angle between them is greater than the tetrahedral angle. Note that these latter two HAOs point away from the hydrogens, and that they are occupied by lone pairs of electrons.

• Select the orbital you wish to display using the drop-down menu.
• "Click and drag" on the 3D picture of the orbital to rotate it; "Click, shift and drag" to zoom in and out.
• The 3D representation can be shifted between solid, translucent and mesh views by using the "Model View" radio group.
• You can alter the value of the wavefunction at which the iso-surface is plotted by typing a new number into the "Iso-surface value" box and clicking the "Update" button.